Filosofía en español 
Filosofía en español

Alfonso Junco

La Hispanidad y los Estados Unidos
Carta de un católico mejicano a un católico norteamericano

Méjico, 4 de abril de 1941



Alfonso Junco

La Hispanidad y los Estados Unidos
Carta de un católico mejicano a un católico norteamericano

Señor Director de The Commonweal. Nueva York.

En el número del 21 de marzo último de ese excelente semanario católico, veo un trabajo del Rev. Edwin A. Ryan, acerca del «hispanismo»; y en medio de algunas apreciaciones ponderadas y justas, encuentro que la orientación general adolece de cierta inexactitud y suspicacia tendenciosa.

Quisiera, pues, hacer llegar a usted y a todos los católicos norteamericanos, fraternalmente, la voz de un católico mejicano que refleja el sentir de millones. Creo que nuestro conocimiento recíproco –que ya va suscitándose– es una ingente necesidad para la buena comprensión y honrosa amistad interamericana. Creo que los muchos hombres rectos de los Estados Unidos sabrán, con generoso espíritu de libertad y tolerancia, acoger y considerar nuestro punto de vista, expresado con lealtad, con sosiego, con propósito constructivo.

* * *


Alfonso Junco

The U. S. and Hispanidad
A Latin American view on an important movement

 

In the March twenty-first issue or The Commonweal there appeared an article by the Reverend Edwin A. Ryan dealing with the question of hispanismo or hispanidad in Latin America, containing a number of important and just observations. The general orientation of the views expressed, however, seems to me to have lacked accuracy and to betray a certain distrust.

As a Mexican Catholic, I am convinced that our mutual acquaintanceship, now in the process of development, is unmistakably necessary for the growth of good understanding and of honorable inter-American friendship. There can be no doubt that persons of good will in the United States are capable, in a generous spirit of liberty and tolerance, of comprehending and appreciating our point of view, if expressed honestly and with constructive purpose.

 

Nadie, absolutamente nadie quiere, ni en Méjico ni en país alguno del sur, que España asuma dominio político en América. Tampoco en España piensa nadie en tal fantasía. Con perfecta claridad, en voces altas y nobilísimas, lo han dicho reiteradamente el jefe actual del Estado español y muchos otros hombres representativos en el mundo de la política y de las letras. Nadie, con mediano conocimiento de la realidad, puede tragar aquí tan gruesa invención.

Lo que llamamos hispanidad no es cosa vinculada en particular con ningún régimen de la península o de América. Es una realidad más encumbrada y permanente. Es, por una parte, el espíritu hispánico: religión, lengua, cultura, estilo vital. Es, por otra parte, la gran familia de pueblos informada por ese espíritu.

Escribe el señor Ryan, refiriéndose a los Estados Unidos: What is making Catholics in this country uneasy is that there seems to be an attempt to inject into Hispanism a religious element.

Paréceme que existe aquí un yerro fundamental; no hay que inyectar elemento religioso en el hispanismo; el hispanismo es, sustancialmente, religioso; es, medularmente, católico. Sin este «elemento», no hay espíritu hispánico, no hay hispanidad. Por definición la cosa es así. Puede gustar a unos y a otros no: pero, objetivamente, por una causalidad histórica y psicológica de siglos, así es.

Y ello no implica vincular a la Iglesia con una causa política, como también escribe el señor Ryan. Porque la Iglesia, como tal, nada tiene que hacer en esto; y la hispanidad, como tal, no es propiamente una «causa política», sino algo más elevado y más profundo, que sobrepasa la mera política circunstancial, movediza, contingente.

* * *

To allay any fears, let me say that absolutely no one, either in Mexico or South America, has any desire for Spain to resume political domination in America. Certainly no one in Spain thinks of anything so fantastic. The present head of the Spanish state and many other leaders in the world of politics and letters have made themselves perfectly clear and honestly emphatic on this point. It is difficult to understand how anyone with even a passing knowledge of the facts could propagate such a complete fiction.

What we call hispanidad is not something linked with any particular regime of Spain or of America. It is a more transcendental and permanent reality. It embraces, on the one hand, the Hispanic spirit –its religion, language, culture and vital expression. On the other hand, it may be considered to embrace the large family of nations formed by this spirit.

Addressing himself to the public of the United States, Father Ryan says: “What is making Catholics in this country uneasy is that there seems to be an attempt to inject into hispanismo a religious element.”

This seems to me to contain a fundamental error. There is no need to inject the religious element into hispanismo. Hispanismo is already in itself substantially religious. It is spinally Catholic. Without this element, there is no such thing as the Hispanic spirit or hispanismo, by the very nature of its definition. Some individuals may wish to dispute this; but objectively, in consideration of historic causality and psychology, such is the fact.

This does not signify, as Father Ryan seems to say, that the Church is identified with any political system. The Church, as such, has nothing to do with political systems. Moreover, hispanidad, as such, is not properly a “political cause,” but is something more elevated and more profound, transcending the merely political, circumstantial, shifting and contingent.

 

Nosotros querríamos que los hombres de pensamiento y de buena voluntad de los Estados Unidos se allegaran a estudiarnos y convinieran con nosotros en ciertos hechos indiscutibles, que de ninguna manera invocaríamos para el resentimiento, pero sí para el discernimiento.

Los angloamericanos de valía, penetrados y convencidos de nuestra verdad, pueden hacer mucho en su país, por vías democráticas, para que la política de la Casa Blanca hacia nosotros sea verdaderamente comprensiva, sinceramente respetuosa y amigable. Con ello nada perderán materialmente los Estados Luidos; y moralmente ganarán.

Es un hecho que lo qué en los textos de historia hispanoamericana llamamos Independencia, marcó nuestra separación política de España, pero también una desintegración, una fragmentación que convirtió en numerosas entidades débiles lo que antes era un todo compacto y poderoso. Y esta división y debilidad fue primero fomentada y luego utilizada por Washington, para infiltrar su influjo y afianzar su primacía sobre los nacientes Estados hispanoamericanos.

Ese influjo y primacía ha ido acrecentándose con el tiempo en casi toda América, y ha tenido serias manifestaciones de agravio. Nosotros, mejicanos, sufrimos la segregación de Tejas; luego la injustísima guerra de 1847, seguida de la pérdida de medio territorio; la ocupación de Veracruz en 1914; la «expedición punitiva» en 1916. Y nuestra política interna tiene que contar, quiéralo o no, con la prepotente inclinación de Washington, que muy a menudo ha apoyado regímenes tiránicos y sangrientos, como hace poco el de Calles.

Lo de Panamá en 1903 a costa de Colombia, y los sucesos de Nicaragua, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo y demás, evidencian históricamente que las naciones hispanoamericanas han sufrido merma en su autonomía o en su territorio, merced a la política internacional que los Estados Unidos han venido siguiendo para su propio engrandecimiento.

Con estos antecedentes innegables, ¿no es lógico, no es razonable, no es natural que los hispanoamericanos vean con patriótico temor el desbordamiento de la influencia norteamericana en sus países, los cuales carecen, en su relativa debilidad, de eficaz salvaguarda contra el posible exceso del poderoso?

* * *

We very much desire that thoughtful and sincere men in the United State should study our situation and understand certain facts, not presented as a show of resentment, but simply for purposes of clarification. Intelligent Americans convinced of our integrity can do much in their country in democratic ways to promote a genuinely comprehending, truly sympathetic and friendly attitude toward us on the part of their government. The United States has nothing to lose in a material way from such a policy, and much to gain morally.

Let us consider a few pertinent high-lights of the past. It is a fact that what is called independence in the textbooks of Hispanic-American history marked our political separation from Spain. But independence marked also a disintegration and break-up of what was once a compact and powerful whole into a number of weak entities. This division and debilitation, I am convinced, was originally encouraged and later made use of by the government of the United States to spread its influence and establish its dominance over the Hispanic-American states.

This influence and primacy has continued to increase with time throughout practically the entire Western Hemisphere, with evidences of considerable mischief. We Mexicans, for example, suffered the loss of Texas. Then followed the unjust war of 1847 involving the seizure of half our national territory. We may recall also the occupation of Vera Cruz in 1914 and the punitive expedition of 1916. Our internal politics must, willynilly, still bow before the powerful indications of Washington, which has frequently sustained the imposition of tyrannical and bloody régimes, like that of Calles not so long ago.

The incident of Panama in 1903, at Colombia’s expense, and events in Nicaragua, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo and in other countries present indisputable historic evidence that the Hispanic-American nations have suffered attrition of autonomy or of their territory, thanks to the international policy pursued by Uncle Sam in quest of his own aggrandizement.

With these undeniable antecedents, is it not logical and natural that Hispanic-Americans should view with patriotic alarm the expansion of North American influence in their countries, when relative weakness leaves them without effective defense against the possible excesses of their powerful neighbor?

 

Por supuesto que nosotros también tenemos culpa, y culpa grave. Nunca faltan elementos miopes, o plegadizos, o interesados, que favorecen lo que deberían rechazar. Pero esta complicidad del débil, nunca sería sin el halago o el amago del fuerte.

Y así como en el orden político y material, en el orden del espíritu.

La prepotencia de los Estados Unidos en su expansión espiritual hacia el sur, se ha caracterizado por ciertas manifestaciones ingratas. Digamos tres.

1.– La propaganda protestante, sembradora de desunión, más a menudo hiriente que apostólica –como se ve en sus órganos periodísticos–, hecha a veces en connivencia con regímenes perseguidores de la fe nacional, y siempre exótica y desagradable para pueblos de unanimidad católica, en donde los disidentes son incrédulos pero no quieren otra religión.

2.– El contagio de modos y costumbres no encomiables –divorcio, bar femenino, jazz, &c.–, que contradicen y deplorablemente van suplantando nuestra mentalidad, nuestra sensibilidad, nuestra tradición.

3.– Cierta tendencia a hiperbolizar lo indígena y a deprimir lo hispánico, fomentando una especie de antagonismo entre elementos que precisamente la hispanidad hermanó en generoso mestizaje, y socavando a la sordina lo más entrañable, resistente y preclaro de nuestra cultura.

Defender, valorizar, poner en obra este egregio patrimonio espiritual, es lo que quiere la hispanidad. La hispanidad, que no es sino la mejicanidad, la colombianidad, la argentinidad, &c., engrandecidas en visión más anchurosa y abrazadas en vínculo fecundo con sus hermanas de espíritu y de estirpe.

La hispanidad es, sencillamente, una tendencia natural, un aire de familia, una lógica y espontánea actitud vital, que a nadie ofende.

La hispanidad no es enemiga de los Estados Unidos. Quiere con estos, sinceramente, amistad; amistad digna, decorosa, mutuamente fructífera. Lo que no quiere –aunque se envuelva en mantos lisonjeros–, es deformación y subordinación.

Esto es tan sensato y honorable, que de ninguna manera puede ofender a los norteamericanos honorables y sensatos.

Y lo que nosotros pedimos es que se comprenda nuestra posición; que nuestros hermanos de Norteamérica perciban, sostengan, difundan estas verdades; que trabajen en la opinión y ante el gobierno, democráticamente, para que la política internacional de su país se encamine por rutas verazmente tranquilizadoras, auténticamente respetuosas y amigables hacia los países del sur.

Nosotros no queremos erigir en barrera y prevención, un pasado amargo. Lo olvidamos en cuanto implique resentimiento; mas no debemos olvidarlo en cuanto implique lección. Si la historia es maestra de la vida, hemos de tomar aviso y cordura del pretérito, para enderezar el presente y vivificar el porvenir.

Alfonso Junco

Méjico, 4 de abril de 1941.

Undoubtedly we also are at fault, and grievously so. We have always had our myopic elements, our pliable and selfish groups, who have welcomed what they should have repelled. But this complicity of the weak would never exist without the blandishments and the threats of the strong. What is true in the political and material order is true also in the spiritual.

The preponderance of the United States in its spiritual expansion southward has been characterized by certain manifestations unpleasant to us. Let me name three:

(1) Protestant propaganda, sowing disunion, offensive more often than apostolic in method, as is evident in its periodicals, operating at times with the connivance of administrations persecuting the national faith, and always exotic to a people of Catholic unanimity, among whom the dissenters are unbelievers but not members of another religion.

(2) The spread of corrupt manners and customs –divorce, women’s bars, jazz and the like– which are in opposition to our culture and traditions but unfortunately are making serious inroads.

(3) A certain tendency to glorify the Indian and to despise the Hispanic factor, promoting a kind of antagonism between these elements (which hispanidad welded together in generous blending) and secretly undermining the most profound, enduring and notable features of our culture.

To defend, advance and activate our great spiritual patrimony is precisely the objective of hispanidad. Hispanidad, simply mexicanidad, or the spirit of Mexico, peruanidad, argentinidad, and so on, glorified in the widest possible sense and joined in fecund embrace with its brethren in spirit and race. Hispanidad is, in a word, a natural tendency, a family atmosphere, a logic and aspontaneous vital attitude, which offers offense to no one. Hispanidad is not an enemy of the United States. It seeks a sincere friendship with the United States, a worthy, respectful and mutually fruitful friendship. What it does not wish –even though this appear in flattering guise– is deformation and subordination. Surely there can be nothing offensive to intelligent and sympathetic Americans in this attitude.

What we are asking for is an understanding of our position. It is our hope that our brothers in the United States may understand and make better known these truths and extend their influence democratically in the growth of a truly international policy of peace on the part of their country, as well as of considerate and friendly relations toward the countries south of the border.

It is not our intention to keep throwing up a bitter past as a constant threat to the good relations of the future. We are perfectly willing to forget the past, so far as its bitterness is concerned; but we cannot forget the lesson it has taught. If history is the teacher of life, we must take the wisdom and counsel of what has gone before to manage properly what is in the present and lay a ground work for what is yet to come.

 

Este artículo de Alfonso Junco fue resumido así en Magazine Abstracts. Current Discussions of Public Affairs (11 junio 1941, Vol. VII, nº 24, página 106), “Prepared for the Use of U. S. Goverment Officials by the Division of Press Intelligence, Office of Government Reports”, United States Office of War Information Bureau of Intelligence:

«Junco, Alfonso, “The U.S. and Hispanidad”, in Commonweal, June 6, p. 152: In the March 21 issue of The Commonweal (see Magazine Abstracts, Vol. VII, No. 13, March 26) there appeared an article by the Reverend Edwin A. Ryan dealing with the question of hispanismo or hispanidad in Latin America. The general orientation of his views seem to me to lack accuracy and to betray a certain distrust. As a Mexican Catholic, I am convinced that our mutual acquaintanceship, now in the process of development, is unmistakably necessary for the growth of good understanding and of honorable inter-American friendship. To allay any fears, let me say that absolutely no one, either in Mexico or South America, has any desire for Spain to resume political domination in America. Certainly no one in Spain thinks of anything so fantastic. What we call hispanidad is linked, not with any particular regime, but with the Hispanic spirit …its religion, language, culture and vital expression. Let us consider a few pertinent high-lights of the past. Independence in the Hispanic-American history textbooks marked our political separation from Spain. But it marked also a disintegration and break-up of what was once a compact and powerful whole into a number of weak entities. This division and debilitation was originally encouraged and made use of by the government of the United States to spread its influence and dominance over the Hispanic-American states. We Mexicans, for example, suffered the loss of Texas. Then followed the unjust war of 1847 involving the seizure of half our national territory. We may recall also the occupation of Vera Cruz in 1914 and the punitive expedition of 1916. Our internal politics must, willy-nilly, still bow before the powerful indications of Washington, which has frequently sustained the imposition of tyrannical and bloody regimes, like that of Calles. With these undeniable antecedents, is it not logical and natural that Hispanic-Americans should view with patriotic alarm the expansion of North American influence in their countries? The preponderance of the United States in its spiritual expansion southward has been characterized by certain manifestations unpleasant to us. To name three: (1) Protestant propaganda, sowing disunion; (2) The spread of corrupt manners and customs divorce, women's bars, jazz and the like; (3) a certain tendency to glorify the Indian and to despise the Hispanic factor. What we are asking for is an understanding of our position.»